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D & A Instrument Company

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Sediment Instruments for all Environments


 

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OBS Light Sources and Photodetectors
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D & A Instrument Company / Copyright 2005, all rights reserved.


Our sensors have narrow- or intermediate-band illumination systems, depending on whether a laser diode (LD) or infrared-emitting diode (IRED) is used in their construction. Laser diodes have narrow, multimode emission spectra resembling the one shown on the chart labeled Laser Diode. The LD bandwidth is about 2 nm at half power (FWHM). They have built-in photodiodes to monitor the light output of the laser chip so that photocurrent can be used to control the illumination of the sample. In this way, fluctuations in light power caused by sensor temperature and laser aging are virtually eliminated. The drift of our OBS-4 LD-based sensor, for example, is less than 2% per year of continuous operation. The two disadvantages of lasers are that they emit coherent light, which because of interferences can fluctuate in intensity in a sample volume by as much as 50%, and they are less efficient in converting electrical current to light than IREDs.

 

IRED sources have bandwidths of about 80 nm, 40 times wider than laser diodes. They have a few handy properties. First, they create incoherent light and this makes the optical design less complicated than for sensors with lasers because interference effects are far less pronounced. Second, they produce light from electricity much more efficiently that incandescent lamps and laser diodes (8X), and finally, they can be switch on and off very rapidly enabling synchronous detection for ambient light rejection. The spectral properties of our IRED sources are shown on the chart labeled IRED. The disadvantages are that IREDs emit light in all directions and lenses and mirrors are required to produce a collimated, pencil-like beam. There is also no convenient way to package them with a monitoring diode such is used in lasers with automatic power control.


   

       

OBS sensors detect light with silicon PNN+ photodiodes. Our diodes have: 1) excellent linearity and low noise, 2) nearly flat spectral response in the source spectral band, 3) extremely low, < 0.01% per °C, temperature coefficients, and 4) low time drift (~ 1% per year, per tests by NIST). The responsivity, S(λ), of the photodetector is a determining factor of the operating spectrum. Responsivity (S) is the ratio of photocurrent in Amperes (A) from a detector divided by the light power in Watts (W) incident on it, e.g. S = A W-1. Optical filters are used to reject visible light so that it will not saturate (swamp) detectors. The transmittance spectra of these filters must be factored into the sensor design because the product of emitter power, transmittance, and responsivity give the relative spectral value for each wavelength common to the sensor components. The resulting operating spectrum for our laser-based instruments is shown on the chart labeled Laser Diode and the spectrum for IRED-based instruments looks like the one shown on the one labeled IRED. Detectors and daylight-rejection filters are selected to minimize their effects on the emitter spectra, that is their spectra are nearly flat in the operating band. Even with these filters, NIR radiation in sunlight can saturate a sensor when it is exposed to direct sunlight or reflective surfaces illuminated by the sun. Maintaining consistent operating spectra is essential to obtaining high measurement precision.

       
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