| OBS
Light Sources and Photodetectors
This information supplied by:
D & A Instrument Company / Copyright 2005, all rights
reserved.
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sensors have narrow- or intermediate-band illumination systems,
depending on whether a laser diode (LD) or infrared-emitting
diode (IRED) is used in their construction. Laser diodes
have narrow, multimode emission spectra resembling the one shown
on the chart labeled Laser Diode. The LD bandwidth
is about 2 nm at half power (FWHM). They have built-in photodiodes
to monitor the light output of the laser chip so that photocurrent
can be used to control the illumination of the sample. In this
way, fluctuations in light power caused by sensor temperature
and laser aging are virtually eliminated. The drift of our OBS-4
LD-based sensor, for example, is less than 2% per year of continuous
operation. The two disadvantages of lasers are that they emit
coherent light, which because of interferences can fluctuate
in intensity in a sample volume by as much as 50%, and they
are less efficient in converting electrical current to light
than IREDs.
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IRED sources
have bandwidths of about 80 nm, 40 times wider than laser
diodes. They have a few handy properties. First,
they create incoherent light and this makes the optical design
less complicated than for sensors with lasers because interference
effects are far less pronounced. Second, they produce light
from electricity much more efficiently that incandescent lamps
and laser diodes (8X), and finally, they can be switch on
and off very rapidly enabling synchronous detection for ambient
light rejection. The spectral properties of our IRED sources
are shown on the chart labeled IRED. The
disadvantages are that IREDs emit light in all directions
and lenses and mirrors are required to produce a collimated,
pencil-like beam. There is also no convenient way to package
them with a monitoring diode such is used in lasers with automatic
power control.
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OBS
sensors detect light with silicon PNN+ photodiodes.
Our diodes have: 1) excellent linearity and low noise, 2)
nearly flat spectral response in the source spectral band,
3) extremely low, < 0.01% per °C, temperature coefficients,
and 4) low time drift (~ 1% per year, per tests by NIST).
The responsivity, S(λ), of the photodetector is a determining
factor of the operating spectrum. Responsivity (S) is the
ratio of photocurrent in Amperes (A) from a detector divided
by the light power in Watts (W) incident on it, e.g. S = A
W-1. Optical filters are used to reject visible
light so that it will not saturate (swamp) detectors. The
transmittance spectra of these filters must be factored into
the sensor design because the product of emitter power, transmittance,
and responsivity give the relative spectral value for each
wavelength common to the sensor components. The resulting
operating spectrum for our laser-based instruments is shown
on the chart labeled Laser Diode and the
spectrum for IRED-based instruments looks like the one shown
on the one labeled IRED. Detectors and daylight-rejection
filters are selected to minimize their effects on the emitter
spectra, that is their spectra are nearly flat in the operating
band. Even with these filters, NIR radiation in sunlight can
saturate a sensor when it is exposed to direct sunlight or
reflective surfaces illuminated by the sun. Maintaining consistent
operating spectra is essential to obtaining high measurement
precision.
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